Preface and Acknowledgements (HTML | PDF )
PART ONE CONTEXT
Chapter 1 The Verre (HTML | PDF )
Chapter 2 Documenting the early colonial assemblage - 1900s to 1910s (HTML | PDF )
Chapter 3 Documenting the early post-colonial assemblage - 1960s to 1970s (HTML | PDF )
Interleaf 'Brass Work of Adamawa': a display cabinet in the Jos Museum - 1967 (HTML | PDF )
PART TWO ARTS
Chapter 4 Brass skeuomorphs: thinking about originals and copies (HTML | PDF )
Chapter 5 Towards a catalogue raisonnée
5.2 Personal Ornaments (HTML | PDF )
5.3 Initiation helmets and crooks (HTML | PDF )
5.4 Hoes and daggers (HTML | PDF )
5.5 Prestige skeuomorphs (HTML | PDF )
5.6 Anthropomorphic figures (HTML | PDF )
Chapter 6 Conclusion: late works ̶ Verre brasscasting in context (HTML | PDF )
APPENDICES
Appendix 1 The Verre collection in the Jos and Lagos Museums in Nigeria (HTML | PDF )
Appendix 2 Chappel's Verre vendors (HTML | PDF )
Appendix 3 A glossary of Verre terms for objects, their uses and descriptions (HTML | PDF )
Appendix 4 Leo Frobenius's unpublished Verre ethnological notes and part inventory (HTML | PDF )
Blench, Roger 1993 'Power and the environment in Momi [Vere] society', draft typescript.
Blench, Roger with A.C. Edwards 1988 Dictionary of the Momi Language (draft), 37pp, http://www.academia.edu/3738227/Roger_Blench_with_A._C._Edwards._A_Dictionary_of_the_Momi_Vere_language
Chappel, T.J.H. 1965-66 Adamawa field notes, 7 notebooks.
Cullen, Fr. Kevin Malachi 1944 'Notes on Mapeo Chambas, origin, custom, juju', MS.
---- 1946 'Notes on juju and other articles collected amongst Verre and Chamba tribes, Adamawa Province', with covering letter to K.C. Murray dated 8 August. Typed copy of original in Lagos Museum, File B.22, pages 28-36.
Danbonna, Raymond Bongoji 1995 'The ceremony of circumcision in Verre-Wom and the Christian initiation sacraments', B.Th. Thesis (Sacred Theology), St. Augustine's Major seminary, Jos.
Fischer, Werner 1987 'Gelbgüsse der Kapsiki', 23pp.
Hellman, Amanda Hawley 2013 'Developing the colonial museum project in British Nigeria', PhD thesis in Art History, Emory University.
Njeuma, Martin Zachary 1969 'The rise and fall of Fulani rule in Adamawa 1809-1901', PhD thesis in African History, SOAS, University of London.
Wade, James H. 1986 'A reappraisal of brass casting in northeastern Nigeria', Seventh Triennial Symposium on African Art, 2-6 April, Los Angeles CA. Typescript.
---- 1986, rev. 1988 'The context of the adoption of a brass casting technology by an iron working society in North-eastern Nigeria, and the consequent cultural elaboration', originally presented at the World Archaeological Congress, Southampton in September 1986, revised for a University of Maiduguri seminar in 1988. Published as Wade 1989.
Wiu, Clement P. 2000 'Christianity in Verre Land: an historical analysis', B.Th. Thesis (Sacred Theology), St. Augustine's Major seminary, Jos.
---- 2018 'Mixed marriage in canon law: a study among the Verre people of Yola Dioceses, Nigeria', M.Th. Thesis (Canon Law), University of Calabar.
Yasambus, Kevin Philip 2016 'Barrenness and indissolubility of marriage covenant: a pastoral problem among the Verre people of Adamawa State', B.Th. Thesis (Sacred Theology), St. Augustine's Major seminary, Jos.
Abubakar, Sa'ad 1977 The Lamibe of Fombina. A political history of Adamawa 1809-1901, Zaria: Ahmadu Bello University and Oxford University Press.
Adama, Hamadou and Thierno Mouctar Bah 2001 Un manuscrit arabe sur l'histoire du royaume Peul de Kontcha dans le Nord-Cameroun (XIXe-XXe siècle), Textes et documents (8), Rabat: Institut des Etudes Africaines.
Arriens, Carl 1928 Am Herdfeuer der Schwarzen. Erlebtes aus Westafrika, Weimar: Verlag für Urgeschichte und Menschenforschung.
Ballarini, Roberto 2009 The Perfect Form: on the track of African tribal currency, Milan: Galeria Africa Curio.
Barth, Heinrich 1965 (originally 1865) Travels and Discoveries in North and Central Africa - being a journal of an expedition undertaken under the auspices of H.B.M.'s government in the years 1849-1855, London: Frank Cass.
Berns, Marla C., Richard Fardon and Sidney Littlefield Kasfir 2011 Central Nigeria Unmasked: arts of the Benue River Valley, Los Angeles: Fowler Museum at UCLA.
Berns, Marla C. and Barbara Rubin Hudson 1986 The Essential Gourd: art and history in northeastern Nigeria, Los Angeles: Museum of Cultural History, University of California.
Bisson, Michael S, S. Terry Childs, Philip de Baros and Augustin F.C. Holl (eds) 2000 Ancient African Metallurgy: the sociocultural context, Walnut Creek: AltaMira Press.
Bisson, Michael S. 1975 'Copper currency in Central Africa: the archaeological evidence', World Archaeology 6(3): 276-92.
---- 2000 'Precolonial copper metallurgy: socio-political context', in Bisson et al (eds) 83-145.
Bovin, Mette 2011 'Seen or heard? Masquerades that cry and figures that talk among the Mumuye', in Marla C. Berns, Richard Fardon and Sidney Littlefield Kasfir 2011 Central Nigeria Unmasked: arts of the Benue River Valley, Los Angeles: Fowler Museum at UCLA, pp. 365-83.
Brincard, Marie-Thérèse (ed.) 1982 The Art of Metal in Africa, New York: African-American Institute.
Burnham, Philip 1979 'Raiders and traders in Adamawa: slavery as a regional system', in J. Watson (ed.) Asian and African Systems of Slavery, Oxford: Blackwell, pp. 43-72, 311-2 & 322-4.
CAPRO Research Office 1992 The Cross and the Gods, Kaduna: Baraka Press.
Chabal, Patrick and Jean-Pascal Daloz 1999 Africa Works: disorder as political instrument, London: James Currey for the International African Institute.
Chappel, T.J.H. 1977 Decorated Gourds in North-Eastern Nigeria, London: Ethnographica in association with the Nigerian Federal Department of Antiquities, Lagos.
Craddock, Paul T, Janet Ambers, Duncan R. Hook, Ronald M. Farquhar, Vincent E. Chikwendu, Alphonse C. Umeji and Thurstan Shaw 1997 'Metal sources and the bronzes from Igbo-Ukwu Nigeria', Journal of Field Archaeology 24(4): 405-29.
Cullen, Kevin Malachi 2001 Make Them Love You, Dublin: Veritas.
David, Nicholas 2012 (ed.) Metals in Mandara Mountains Society and Culture, Trenton: Africa World Press.
Denk, Rolf 2017 Das Manillen-Geld Westafrikas. Spurensuche und Spurensicherung 1439-2016, Berlin: Rüsselsheim.
Detzner, Hermann 1923 Im Lande des Dju-Dju. Reiseerlebnisse im ostlichen Stromgebiet des Niger, Berlin: August Scherl.
Dieu, Michel and Louis Perrois, with the collaboration of Henry Tourneux 2016 Dictionnaire encyclopédique Koma Gímbē/Français (Monts Alantika, Nord-Cameroun), Napoli: Studi Africanistici, Serie Ciado-Sudanese 8, Università degli Studi di Napoli <<L'Orientale>>.
Domingus, Stephen Okshi 1978 'Knowing and evangelizing the Verre people', TCNN (Theological College of Northern Nigeria) Bulletin July 1: 21-34.
East, Rupert 1935 Stories of Old Adamawa: a collection of historical texts in the Adamawa dialect of Fulani, with a translation and notes, Lagos, London: Published for the Translation Bureau, Zaria.
Eberhard, David M., Gary F. Simons and Charles D. Fennig (eds) 2019 Ethnologue: languages of the world. 22nd edition. Dallas, Texas: SIL International. Online version: http://www.ethnologue.com
Eboreime, Joseph 1995 'Nigerian museums and the presentation of national heritage in perspective', The Cambridge Journal of Anthropology 18(1): 62-72.
Edwards, Adrian 1991 'The blacksmith and the rainmaker among the Verre', in Yves Moniño (ed.) Forge et forgerons, Volume 1, Actes du IVe colloque Méga-Tchad 1988, CNRS/ORSTOM, pp. 311-28.
Fagg, William 1963 African Images, London: Lund Humphries.
Fardon, Richard 1988 Raiders and Refugees: trends in Chamba political development 1750‑1950, Washington: Smithsonian Series in Ethnographic Inquiry, Smithsonian Institution Press.
---- 1991 Between God, the Dead and the Wild: Chamba interpretations of religion and ritual, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press for the International African Institute; Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press.
---- 2007 Fusions: masquerades and thought-style east of the Niger-Benue confluence, West Africa, London: Saffron Press, Afriscopes.
---- 2019 'Negative spaces of Mumuye sculpture − retrospect as prospect', Afriques. Débats, méthodes et terrains d'histoire (http://afriques.revues.org) Claire Bosc-Tiessé and Peter Mark (eds) Special Issue Pour une histoire des arts d'Afrique pré-contemporains: méthodologie, historiographie, épistémologie (dossier 10). https://doi.org/10.4000/afriques.2586
Fardon, Richard and Richard Kuba (forthcoming) 'Adding colour to Und Afrika Sprach: Carl Arriens' image and Leo Frobenius's text', Bérose
Fardon, Richard and Christine Stelzig 2005 Column to Volume: formal innovation in Chamba statuary, London: Saffron Press, Afriscopes.
Féau, Etienne, Hèléne Joubert and Jean-Hubert Martin 1987 Les arts du Nigéria, Paris: Réunion des Musées Nationaux.
Frobenius, Leo 1913b The Voice of Africa. Being an account of the travels of the German Inner African Exploration Expedition in the years 1910-12, 2 volumes, London: Hutchinson and Co.
---- 1913a Und Afrika Sprach Volume 3, Berlin: Vita Deutsches Verlagshaus.
---- 1925 Dichten und Denken im Sudan, Atlantis - Volksmarchungen und Volksdichtungen Afrikas, Volume 5, Jena: Eugen Diederichs.
Fry, Philip 1970 'Essai sur la statuaire mumuye', Objets et mondes, 10 (1): 3-28.
Geary, Christraud M. 1982 'Casting the "red iron": Bamum bronzes', in Marie-Thérèse Brincard (ed.) The Art of Metal in Africa, New York: the African-American Institute, pp. 71-80.
Glar, Wilfried 2012 Afrikanische Reife für Kunstsammler, Teil 2: Die Kapsiki, second edition, Halle: Fidibus Verlag.
Gunsch, Kathryn Wysocki 2018 The Benin Plaques: a 11th century imperial monument, London and New York: Routledge.
Hecht, Dorothea 1968 Katalog der afrikanischen Sammlung im Städtischen Museum Braunschweig, Braunschweiger Werkstücke Veröffentlichungen aus Archiv, Bibliothek und Museum, Volume 37.
Hellman, Amanda H. 2014 'The grounds for museological experiments: developing the colonial museum project in British Nigeria', Journal of Curatorial Studies 3(1): 74-96.
Herbert, Eugenia 1984a Red Gold of Africa. Copper in precolonial history and culture. Madison: University of Wisconsin.
---- 1984b Red Gold - Copper Arts of Africa, Mount Holyoke College Art Museum.
Herreman, Frank, 2016 Mumuye: Sculpture from Nigeria: the human figure reinvented, with contributions and translation from Dutch by C. Petridis, Milan: Five Continents Editions.
Ita, J.M. 1972 'Frobenius in West African History', Journal of African History 13(4): 673-88.
Joyce, Tom 2019 'Potency conveyed with a hammer's blow', in Allen F. Roberts, Tom Joyce and Marla C. Berns (eds) 2019 Striking Iron: the art of African blacksmiths, Los Angeles: Fowler Museum at UCLA, pp.104-45.
Kirk-Greene, A.H.M. 1957 'Von Uechtritz's expedition to Adamawa, 1893', Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria 1(2): 86-98.
---- 1958 Adamawa Past and Present, London: Oxford University Press for the International African Institute.
Krüger, Christoph 2003 Dowayo Namchi. Poupées du Cameroun. Les Dowayo et leur culte, Düsseldorf: Africa incognita.
Kuba, Richard and Musa Hambolu (eds) 2010 Nigeria 100 Years Ago. Through the eyes of Leo Frobenius and his expedition team, National Commission for Museums and Monuments, Nigeria, and Frobenius Institute, Frankfurt.
Kuba, Richard 2010/2020 'Travelling Frobenius', in Richard Kuba and Musa Hambolu (eds) 2010 Nigeria 100 Years Ago. Through the eyes of Leo Frobenius and his expedition team, National Commission for Museums and Monuments, Nigeria, and Frobenius Institute, Frankfurt, pp. 45-54; republished online in 2020, 'The Expeditions of Leo Frobenius between Science and Politics: Nigeria 1910-1912 ', Bérose - International Encyclopaedia of the Histories of Anthropology, Paris.
---- 2019 'Albrecht Georg Martius (Osnabrück 1884 - 1970 Toronto/Kanada)', in Frobenius Institut Frobenius. Die Kunst des Forschens, Petersberg: Michael Imhof Verlag, pp. 216-19.
Lacroix, Pierre-Francis 1952 'Matériaux pour servir à l'histoire des peuls de l'Adamawa', Etudes Camerounaises 37/38: 3-61.
Lebeuf, Jean-Paul 1982 'The ancient metallurgy of copper and its alloys in the region of Lake Chad', in Marie-Thérèse Brincard (ed.) The Art of Metal in Africa, New York: African-American Institute, pp. 31-35.
MacEachern, Scott 2012 'The prehistory and early history of the northern Mandara Mountains and surrounding plains', in Nicholas David (ed.) Metals in Mandara Mountains Society and Culture, Trenton: Africa World Press, pp.27-67.
MacEachern, Scott and Marla C. Berns 2019 'Worn and held: forging life's passages in Northern Cameroon and Northeast Nigeria', in Allen F. Roberts, Tom Joyce and Marla C. Berns (eds) 2019 Striking Iron: the art of African blacksmiths, Los Angeles: Fowler Museum at UCLA, pp. 316-45.
Macleod [Temple], Olive 1912 (facsimile reprint 1971) Chiefs and Cities of Central Africa. Across Lake Chad by way of British, French, and German Territories, Freeport, New York: Books for Libraries Press.
Meek, C. K. 1931 Tribal Studies in Northern Nigeria, volume I, London: Kegan Paul, Trench and Trubner and Co.
Mohammadou, Eldridge 1978 Les royaumes foulbé du plateau de l'Adamaoua au XIX siècle, Tokyo: Institute for the Study of the Languages and Cultures of Africa and Asia.
---- (with Modibbo A. Bassoro) 1980 Garoua: tradition historique d'une cite peule du Nord-Cameroun, Paris: Editions du Centre national de la Recherche scientifique.
---- (translation and introduction) 1982 Peuples et etats du Foumbina et de l'Adamawa (Nord Cameroun). Etudes de Kurt Strümpell et von Briesen, Yaoundé: Collection Archives Allemandes du Cameroun No. 1, DGRST.
---- 1983 Peuples et royaumes du Foumbina, Yaoundé: Centre de recherches et d'études Anthropologiques.
---- 1984/1987 Ethiopiens du Nord-Cameroun. Etude du Leo Frobenius, Garoua: Institut des Science Humaines. Subsequently republished as (1987) Peuples et societés du Nord-Cameroun, (A translation of the chapters of Frobenius 1925 Dichten und Denken im Sudan, concerned with Cameroon.) Stuttgart: Franz Steiner.
Muller, Jean-Claude 2002 Les rites initiatiques des Dìì de 'Adamaoua (Cameroun), Nanterre: Société d'ethnologie.
---- 2006 Les chefferies dìì de l'Adamaoua (Nord-Cameroun), Paris: CNRS Editions de la maison des Sciences de l'Homme.
---- 2009 Parenté et marriage chez les Dìì de L'Adamaoua, Nanterre: Société d'ethnologie.
Neher, G. 1964 'Brass casting in Northeast Nigeria', Journal of the Nigerian Field Society 29(1): 16-27.
Neaher [Maas], Nancy C. 1976 'Igbo metalsmiths among the southern Edo' African Arts 9(4): 76-79.
---- 1979 'Nigerian bronze bells', African Arts 12(3): 42-47, 95-96.
---- 2011 'Lost-wax casting along the Benue', in Marla C. Berns, Richard Fardon and Sidney Littlefield Kasfir Central Nigeria Unmasked: arts of the Benue River Valley, Los Angeles: Fowler Museum at UCLA, pp. 182-201.
Neyt, François 1985 Arts of the Benue: to the roots of tradition, Editions Hawaiian Agronomics.
Nicklin, Keith 1982 'The Cross River bronzes', in Marie-Thérèse Brincard (ed.) The Art of Metal in Africa, New York: the African-American Institute, pp. 47-51.
Nissen, Margaret 1968 An African Church is Born: the story of the Adamawa and Central Sardauna Provinces in Nigeria, Viby: Purups Grafiske Hus.
Njeuma, Martin Z. 1974 'Uthman dan Fodio and the origins of the Fulani jihad in Cameroon Hinterland, 1809', Afrika Zamani 3: 51-68.
---- 1978 Fulani Hegemony in Yola (Old Adamawa) 1809-1902, Yaounde; CEPER/ Centre for Teaching and Research.
Nugent, Capt. W.V. 1914 'The geographical results of the Nigeria-Kamerun Boundary Demarcation Commission of 1912-13', Geographical Journal 43: 630-51.
Passarge, Siegfried 1895 Adamaua. Bericht über die Expedition des Deutschen Kamerun-Komitees in den Jahren 1993-4, Berlin: D. Reimer.
Peek, Philip M. 2021 The Lower Niger Bronzes. Beyond Igbo-Ukwu, Ife, and Benin, London and New York: Routledge.
Peek, Philip M. and Keith Nicklin 2002 'Lower Niger bronze industries and the archaeology of the Niger Delta', in Martha Anderson and Philip M. Peek (eds) Ways of the River: arts and environment of the Niger Delta, Los Angeles: Fowler Museum UCLA, pp. 38-59.
Peek, Philip M. and John Picton 2016 'The resonance of Osun across a millennium of Lower Niger history', African Arts 49(1): 40-55.
Penny, H. Glenn 2002 Objects of Culture: ethnology and ethnographic museums in imperial Germany, Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina.
Pfisterer, Ulrich 2019 'Carl Arriens (Heide/Holstein 1869 - 1952 Berlin)', in Frobenius Institut Frobenius. Die Kunst des Forschens, Petersberg: Michael Imhof Verlag, pp 120-131.
Picton, John 2012 'West Africa: the Lower Niger region', in David Ekserdjian (ed.) Bronze, London: Royal Academy of Arts, pp. 62-68.
Platte, Editha 2010 'Found and lost in Ife: Leo Frobenius and the Olokun bronze head, in Richard Kuba and Musa Hambolu (eds) Nigeria 100 Years Ago. Through the eyes of Leo Frobenius and his expedition team, National Commission for Museums and Monuments, Nigeria, and Frobenius Institute, Frankfurt, pp. 73-80.
Posnansky, Merrick 1977 'Brass casting and its antecedents in West Africa', The Journal of African History 18(2): 287-300.
Roberts, Allen F, Tom Joyce and Marla C. Berns (eds) 2019 Striking Iron: the art of African blacksmiths, Los Angeles: Fowler Museum at UCLA.
Rubin, Arnold 1973 'Bronzes of the middle Benue', West African Journal of Archaeology 3: 221-31.
---- 1974 'Notes on regalia in Biu Division, North-Eastern State, Nigeria', West African Journal of Archaeology 4: 161-75.
---- 1982 'Bronzes of northeastern Nigeria', in Marie-Thérèse Brincard (ed.) The Art of Metal in Africa, New York: African-American Institute, pp. 43-6.
Schädler, Karl-Ferdinand 1975 Afrikanische Kunst; Stilformen und Kultgegenstande von mehr als 100 Stammen, Munich: Heyne.
---- 1994 Lexikon afrikanische Kunst und Kultur, Munich & Berlin: Klinkhardt & Bermann.
---- 2009 Encyclopedia of African Art and Culture, Munich: Panterra.
Schulz, Bernd and Werner Fischer 1987 Kamerun und seine Kunst. Ausstellung der Sparkasse Moers vom 27. September bis zum 9. Oktober 1987, Kamp-Lintfort: Becker.
Shaw, Thurstan 1973 'A note on trade and the Tsoede bronzes', West African Journal of Archaeology 3: 233-38.
Strümpell, Karl 1907a 'Die Erkundung des Faro', Deutsches Kolonialblatt 22: 1088-96.
---- 1907b 'Aus West-Adamaua', Deutsches Kolonialblatt 23: 1139-42.
---- 1910 'Vergleichendes Wortverzeichnis der Heidensprache Adamauas', Zeitschrift für Ethnographie 42: 444-88
---- 1912 'Die Geschichte Adamauas nach mündlichen Überlieferungen', Mitteilungen des Geographischen Gesellschaft in Hamburg 26: 46-107. [See Mohammadou 1982 for French translation of 1907a/b, 1912]
Sutton, J.E.G. 2001 'Igbo-Ukwu and the Nile', African Archaeological Review 18(1): 49-61.
Tana, Alessandro 1985 'Made of metal: the use of scrap metal in Africa', Newsletter (Museum Ethnographers Group) 17: 60-66.
Taylor, Frank William 1932 A Fulani-English Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Temple, Olive and C.L. Temple 1919 Notes on the Tribes, Provinces, Emirates and States of the Northern Provinces of Nigeria, Cape Town: Argus Printing and Publishing Co. Reprint 2012 Forgotten Books.
---- 1922 Notes on the Tribes, Provinces, Emirates and States of Northern Nigeria, second edition, Lagos: CMS Bookshop.
Van Beek, Walter E.A. 1987 The Kapsiki of the Mandara Hills, Prospect Heights: Waveland Press.
---- 1991 'Iron, brass and burial: the Kapsiki blacksmith and his many crafts', in Yves Moñino (ed.), Forge et forgerons, Volume 1, Actes du IVe colloque Méga-Tchad 1988, CNRS/ORSTOM, pp. 281-310.
---- 2012 'A touch of wildness: brass and brass casting in Kapsiki', in David (ed.), Metals in Mandara Mountains Society and Culture, Trenton: Africa World Press, pp. 303-23.
---- 2015 The Forge and the Funeral: the smith in Kapsiki/Higi culture, East Lansing: Michigan University Press.
Wade, James H. 1989 'The context of adoption of brass technology in north-eastern Nigeria and its effects on the elaboration of culture', in S.E. van der Leeuw and R. Torrence (eds) What's New? A closer look at the process of innovation, London: Unwin Hyman, pp.225-244. [cited from the 1988 typescript]
---- 1997 'Rainmakers and the problematics of power in Fali Society', in Herrmann Jungraithmayr, Daniel Barreteau and Uwe Seibert (eds) L'homme et l'eau dans le bassin du lac Tchad (Man and Water in the Lake Chad Basin), Paris: ORSTOM, 271-284.
---- 2005 'Caste, gender and chieftaincy: a view from the southern Mandaras', in Catherine Baroin, Gisela Seidensticker-Brikay and Kyari Tijani (eds) Man and the Lake, Maiduguri: Centre for Trans-Saharan Studies, pp. 279-303.
---- 2012 'The wife of the village: understanding caste in the Mandara Mountains', in Nicholas David (ed.) Metals in Mandara Mountains Society and Culture, Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press, pp. 257-283.
---- 2014 'Aesthetic experience: a view from the Mandara Mountains', Pragmatism Today 5 (2): 102-112. doi: http://www.pragmatismtoday.eu/index.php?id=2014winter2
---- 2019 'Ego-centred networks, community size and cohesion Dunbar's Number and a Mandara Mountains conundrum', in David Shankland (ed.) Dunbar's Number, Sean Kingston: RAI Occasional Publication Number 45, pp. 105-23.
VerEecke, Catherine 1994 'The slave experience in Adamawa: past and present perspectives from Yola (Nigeria)', Cahier d'études africaines 34(1-3): 23-53.
Wente-Lukas, Renate 1972 'Eisen und Schmied im südlichen Tscadraum', Paideuma 18: 112-43.
---- 1977 Die materielle Kultur der nicht-islamischen Ethnien von Nordkamerun und Nordostnigeria, Studien zur Kulturkunde 43, Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner Verlag.
Whitlock, C.F.A. 1910 'The Yola-Cross River Boundary Commission, Southern Nigeria', The Geographical Journal 36: 426-38.
Williams, Denis 1974 Icon and Image: a study of the sacred and secular forms of African classical art, London: Allen Lane.
This work is copyright of the Authors. It is published under a Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ ) that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal. Images: copyright of the institutions as stated (all rights reserved).
Cette œuvre est mise à disposition selon les termes de la Licence Creative Commons Attribution (4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.fr ) qui permet à d'autres de partager le travail avec une reconnaissance de la paternité du travail et de la publication initiale dans ce journal. Images: copyright des institutions comme indiqué (tous droits réservés).
Go to Preface | Chapter 1 | Chapter 2 | Chapter 3 | Interleaf | Chapter 4 | Ch5.1 Percussion | Ch5.2 Personal Ornaments | Ch5.3 Initiation helmets and crooks | Ch5.4 Hoes and daggers | Ch5.5 Prestige skeuomorphs | Ch5.6 Anthropomorphic figures | Chapter 6 Conclusion | Appendix 1 | Appendix 2 | Appendix 3 | Appendix 4 | Bibliography