BIBLIOGRAPHY. Allen, Christopher. 1978. "Sierra Leone", in J.Dunn (ed.) West African States: Failure and Promise, pp.189-210. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Banton, Michael. 1957. West African city; a study of tribal life in Freetown. London: Oxford University Press for the IAI. Baxter, P.T.W. 1975. "Some consequences of sedentarization for social relationships", in T.Monod (ed.) Pastoralism in Tropical Africa, pp.206-228. London: Oxford University Press for IAI. Baxter, P.T.W. 1984. "Butter for barley and barley for cash: petty transactions and small transformations in an Arssi market", in Sven Rubenson (ed.) Proceedings of the seventh international conference of Ethiopian societies; University of Lund, 26-29 April 1982. Addis Abeba: Institute of Ethiopian studies. Bjeren, Gunilla. 1985. Migration to Shashemene; Ethnicity, gender and occupation in urban Ethiopia, Uppsala: Scandanavian Institute of African Studies. Blench, Roger. 1985. "Pastoral labour and stock alienation in the sub-humid and arid zones of West Africa", ODI Pastoral Development Network Paper19e. Blyden, E.W. 1888. Christianity, Islam and the Negro Race. London: W.B.Whittingham and company. Bohannan, Paul. 1957. Justice and judgement among the Tiv. London: Oxford University Press for I.A.I. Bohannan, Paul and George Dalton (eds.). 1962. "Introduction", in Markets in Africa. Evanston: Northwestern University Press. Boutillier,J.L. 1968. "Les captifs en AOF (1903-1905), Bull. IFAN,Txxx, S‚r B. no.2,513-37. Brokensha, David. 1966. Social change at Larteh, Ghana. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Brown, David. 1982a. "Who are the tribalists? Social pluralism and political ideology in Ghana", African Affairs,vol.81(no.329),541-558. Brown, David. 1982b. "On the category 'civilised' in Liberia and elsewhere", Journal of Modern African Studies 20(2),287-303. Burnham, Philip. 1972. "Racial classification and ideology in the Meiganga Region: North Cameroon", in Paul Baxter and Basil Sansom (eds.) Race and Social Difference, pp.301-318. Harmondsworth: Penguin.

158

Burnham, Philip. 1975. "'Regroupment' and mobile societies: Two Cameroon cases.", Journal of African History, xvi(4), 577-94. Burnham, Philip. 1987. "Pastoralism and the comparative method", in L.Holy (ed.),Symposium on comparative method in social anthropology, (1983: University of St.Andrew), pp.153-67. Oxford: Blackwell. Burton, John,W. 1987. A Nilotic World:The Atuot-speaking peoples of the Southern Sudan. New York:Greenwood Press. Butcher, D.A.P. 1965. "The role of the Fulbe in the urban life and economy of Lunsar, Sierra Leone: being the study of the adaptation of an immigrant group". Ph.D. Dissertation, Edinburgh Univ. Caillie, Rene. 1830. Travels through central Africa to Timmbuctoo . London: Henry Colburn and Richard Bently. Clarke, J.I. (ed.) 1969. Sierra Leone in maps, (2nd.ed.). London: Hodder and Stoughton. Cohen, Abner. 1965. "The social organisation of credit in a West African cattle market",Africa 35(1),8-20. Cohen, Abner. 1969. Custom and politics in Africa; a study of Hausa migrants in Yoruba towns, London: Routledge and Kegan Paul. Cohen, Anthony,P. Forthcoming. Segmentary knowledge: A Whalsay sketch, in M.Hobart (ed.) The growth of ignorance: a critique of development. Cole, N.H.Ayodele. 1968. The vegetation of Sierra Leone. Njala:Njala University College Press. Colonial Office Reports on Sierra Leone. London: HMSO. Curtin,P. 1975. Economic change in pre-colonial Africa: Senegambia in the era of the slave trade. Madison :University of California Press. Dahl, Gudrun. 1987. "Women in pastoral production; some theoretical notes on roles and resources", Ethnos 1-2. (Special edition on Women in Pastoral Production). David, Nicholas and David Voas. 1981. "Societal causes of infertility and population decline among the settled Fulani in North Cameroon", Man (N.S.) 16(4),644-64. Donald, Leland, H. 1971. "Changes in Yalunka; a study of adaptation to a changing cultural environment". Ph.D. dissertation, University of Oregon. Dorjahn, Vernon.R. 1962. "African traders in central Sierra Leone", in P.Bohannon and G.Dalton (eds.) Markets in Africa pp.61-88. Evanston: Northwestern Univ. Press. Dorjahn, Vernon.R. and C.Fyfe. 1962. "Landlord and stranger: Change in tenancy relations in Sierra Leone", Journal of African History, III(3), 391-397.

159

Dorjahn, Vernon.R. 1975. "Migration in central Sierra Leone: The Temne chiefdom of Kolifa Mayaso", Africa 45(1),29-49. Dumbuya, Moses,B. 1976. "Industrialisation and a company town in Sierra Leone; the Pepel case". Ph.D. dissertation, University of Toronto. Duodo, Cameron. 1969. The Gab Boys, Fontana. Dupire, Marguerite. 1962a. "Trade and markets in the economy of the nomadic Fulani of Niger (Bororo)", in P.Bohannan and G.Dalton (eds.) Markets in Africa, pp.335-62. Evanston: Northwestern Univ. Press. Dupire, Marguerite. 1962b. Peuls nomades; étude descriptive des WoDaaBe du Sahel Nigérien. Paris: Institut d'ethnologie. Dupire, Marguerite. 1963. "The position of women in a pastoral society; (The Fulani WoDaaBe, nomads of the Niger.)", in D.Paulme (ed.), Women in Tropical Africa, pp.47-92. Berkley: University of California Press. Dupire, Marguerite. 1970. L'Organisation sociale des Peul. Paris: Plon. Dupire, Marguerite. 1981. "Réflexions sur l'ethnicité Peule", Itinérances II,165-181. Finnegan, Ruth,H. 1965. Survey of the Limba People of northern Sierra Leone, VIII. London:HMSO. Foster, Philip. 1965. Education and social change in Ghana. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Frantz, Charles. 1975. "Contraction and expansion in Nigerian bovine pastoralism",in T.Monod (ed.), Pastoralism in Tropical Africa,pp.338-53. London: Oxford Univ. Press for I.A.I.. Fyfe, C. 1962. A history of Sierra Leone. Oxford Univ. Press. Fyle, C.Magbaily. 1976. "The Kabala complex: Koranko-Limba relationship in nineteenth and twentieth century Sierra Leone", in A.Abraham (ed.) Topics in Sierra Leone History, pp.104-119. Freetown:Leone Publishers. Fyle, C.Magbaily. 1979. The Solima Yalunka Kingdom; pre-colonial politics, economics and society, Freetown: Nyakon publishers. Garrett, G.M. 1892. "SL and the interior to the upper waters of the Niger",Proc. Royal Geog.Soc. no.vii. Goody, E.N. 1962. "Kinship fostering in Gonja", in P.Mayer (ed.),Socialisation: The approach from Social Anthropology, ASA Monograph No.8 London: Tavistock, pp. 51-74. Goody, E.N. 1971, "Forms of pro-parenthood: The sharing and substitution of parental roles", in J.Goody (ed.),Kinship, pp.331-45. Harmondsworth: Penguin.

160

Goldschmidt, Walter. 1981. "The failure of pastoral economic development programs in Africa", in J.G.Galaty, D.Aronson, P.C.Saltzman and A.Chouinard (eds.),The future of pastoral peoples; proceedings of a conference held in Nairobi,Kenya. 4-8-August 1980, pp.101-18. Ottowa: International Development Research Centre. Gulliver, P.H. 1975. "Nomadic movements: Causes and implications" ,in T.Monod (ed.), Pastoralism in Tropical Africa, pp.369-386. London: Oxford Univ. Press for I.A.I.. Gurley, R.R. 1835. Life of Jehudi Ashmun. New York: Levitt, Lord and co. Hammersley, Martyn and Paul Atkinson. 1983. Ethnography: principles in practice. London: Tavistock. Harrell-Bond, B., A.M.Howard and D.E.Skinner. 1978 Community leadership and the transformation of Freetown (1801- 1976). The Hague: Mouton Publishers. Hart, Keith. 1982. The political economy of West African Agriculture. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Harvey, Milton. 1967. "Kabala-The northern Frontier town", Sierra Leone Studies (n.s.) 21, 63-79. Hill, Polly. 1969. "Hidden trade in Hausaland", Man (n.s.) 4(3),392-409. Hill, Polly. 1970. Studies in rural capitalism in West Africa. (African studies series no.2). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Hjort, Anders. 1979. Savanna town; Rural ties and urban opportunities in Northern Kenya. Stockholm: Department of Social Anthropology, University of Stockholm. Hopen, C.Edward. 1958. The pastoral Fulbe family in Gwandu, London: Oxford University Press for the I.A.I. Hopewell, J.F. 1958 "Muslim penetration into French Guinea, Sierra Leone and Liberia before 1850". Ph.D. Dissertation, Columbia University. Hopkins,A.G. 1973. An economic history of West Africa. London: Longman. Horowitz, Michael,M. 1972. "Ethnic boundary maintenance among pastoralists and farmers in the western Sudan (Niger)", Journal of Asian and African Studies,7,105-14. Horowitz, Michael.M. 1975. "Herdsman and Husbandman in Niger: Values and strategies", in T.Monod (ed.), Pastoralism in Tropical Africa, pp.387-405. London: Oxford Univ. Press for I.A.I.. Horowitz, Michael,M. 1981. "Research priorities in pastoral studies; an agenda for the 1980's", in J.G.Galaty, D.Aronson. P.C.Saltzman and A.Chouinard (eds.),The future of pastoral peoples; proceedings of a conference held in Nairobi,Kenya. 4-8-August 1980, pp.61-88. Ottowa: International Development Research Centre.

161

Horowitz, Michael.M. and Peter Little. 1987. "African pastoralism and poverty: some implications for drought and famine", in Michael Glantz (ed.), Drought and Hunger in Africa: denying famine a future, pp.59-82. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Howard, A.M. and D.Skinner. 1984. "Network building and political power in northwestern Sierra Leone, 1800-65", Africa, 54(2),2-28. Jacobs, Alan,H. "Maasai inter-tribal relations: Belligerent herdsmen or peaceable pastoralists?", in K.Fukui and D.Turton (eds.), Warfare among East African herders, 33-52. Osaka: National Museum of Ethnology. Jacobson, David. 1973. Itinerant townsmen: Friendship and social order in urban Uganda. California: Cummings publishing company. Jedrej, M.C. 1983. "The growth and decline of a mechanical agriculture scheme in West Africa", African Affairs, vol.82 (no.329), 541-558. Johnny, Michael, John Karimu and Paul Richards. 1981. "Upland rice farming systems in Sierra Leone: The social context of technological change", Africa 51(2),596-620. Jordan, James William. 1978. "Role segregation for fun and profit: The daily behaviour of the West African lorry driver." Africa, 48(1),30-46. Kamara, James.L. 1981. "Economics of traditional cattle production in the Bombali and Koinadugu districts of Sierra Leone" In H.Turay and J.Kamara (eds.) Some socio-economic structures and related grass roots problems in rural Sierra Leone, Vol.2.. Njala University. Konteh, Brima. 1984. A study of the Limba people of bafodea village in the Koinadugu District. B.A.Dissertation, Dept. of Sociology, Fourah Bay College. Kup, A.P. 1967. Adam Afzelius; S.L.Journal 1795-6.Uppsala. Kup, A.P. 1975. Sierra Leone: A concise history. Vancouver:David and Charles. Laing,A.G. 1824. Travels in Timannee, Kooranko and Soolima countries. London: Longmans. Legge, Karen. (forthcoming). "Changing responses to drought among the WoDaaBe of Niger", in P.L.J. Halstead and J.O'Shea (eds.), Bad year economics; cultural responses to risk and uncertainty. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Leighton, Neil.O. 1979. "The political economy of a strangerpopulation: The Lebanese of Sierra Leone", in William.A.Shack and Elliott.P.Skinner (eds.), Strangers in African Societies, pp.85-103. Berkley:Univ. of California Press. Lewis, Roy. 1954. Sierra Leone: A modern portrait, London: HMSO.

162

Lipschutz M.R. 1973. "Northeast Sierra Leone after 1884: Responses to the Samorian invasions and British Colonialism". Ph.D. Dissertation, Univ. of California. Little, K. 1967. The Mende of Sierra Leone: A West African people in transition. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul. Magbaily Fyle C. 1979. The Solima Yalunka Kingdom: pre- colonial politics, economics and society. Nyakon Publishers: Freetown. Marty,P. 1921. L'Islam en Guinee. Paris: Editions Ernest Leroux. Matthews, John. 1788. A Voyage to the River Sierra Leone. London: B.White and son. (2nd.ed 1791) McGowan,W. 1975. "The development of European relations with Futa Jallon and the foundation of French colonial rule". Ph.D dissertation, University of London. Millington,A.C. 1985. "Environmental degradation, soil conservation and agricultural policies in Sierra Leone, 1895-1984". Paper presented at the workshop on "The scramble for resources: Conservation policies in Africa, 1884 to 1984", at the African Studies Centre, Cambridge, 19-20 April, 1985. Mitchell J.Clyde. 1956. "The Kalela dance", The Rhodes-Livingstone Papers, no.27. (Manchester University Press.) Mitchell, P.K. 1962. "Trade routes of the early Sierra Leone Protectorate", Sierra Leone Studies, (n.s.)16,204-17. Mollien, Gaspard Theodore. 1820. Travels in the interior of Africa to the sources of the Senegal and the Gambia. T.E.Bowdich (ed.), London: Henry Colburn and co. Mouser, Bruce,L. 1973. "Trade,coasters and conflict in the Rio Pongo from 1790 to 1808",Journal of African History xiv(1),45-64. Murray A.K. 1958. "The Fula cattle owners of northern Sierra Leone, their cattle and methods of management", Tropical Agriculture, vol.35 no.2: p.102-113. Nadel, S.F. 1942. A Black Byzantium: The Kingdom of Nupe in Nigeria. London: Oxford Univ Press for the I.A.I.) Noirot,Ernest. 1885. A travers le Fouta Djallon et le Bambouc. Paris: Librairie Marpon et Flammarien. Ormerod, W.E. 1978. "The relationship between economic development and ecological degradation: How degradation has occurred in West Africa and how its progress might be halted", Journal of Arid Environments 1,357-79. Ottenberg, S. 1983. "Artistic and sex roles in a Limba Chiefdom", in C.Oppong (ed.), Female and male in West Africa. Hemel Hempstead: Allen and Unwin, pp.76-90. Ouden, J.H.B.den. 1987. "In search of personal mobility: Changing interpersonal relatons in two Bamileke chiefdoms, Cameroon, Africa 57(1),3-27.

163

Oxby, Clare. 1985. "Settlement schemes for herders in the subhumid tropics of West Africa: Issues of land rights and ethnicity", ODI Pastoral Development Network paper 19f. Peters, E.L.P. 1978. "The status of women in four Middle Eastern countries", in L.Beck and N.Keddie (eds.),Women in the Muslim World,pp.311-350. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Univ. Press. Prussin, Labelle. 1982. "Shelter for the soul", in J.M.Fitch (ed), Shelter: Models of native ingenuity, pp.34-42. Published in conjunction with an exhibition at The Katonah Gallery. Quinn, Charlotte.A. 1971. "A nineteenth century Fulbe state", Journal of African History, xii(3),427-440. Rankin, F.H. 1836. The white man's grave. London Reade, W.Winwood. 1893. An African Sketchbook. London: Smith Elder and co., Reid, Dougal. 1955. "Five year plan for the social and economic development of Koinadugu district, 1956-60". (mimeo). Richards, Paul. 1986. Coping with hunger: hazard and experiment in an African rice-farming system. London: Allen and Unwin. Riesman, P. 1977. Freedom in Fulani social life. Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press. Riesman, P. 1987. "Living poor whilst being rich; the pastoral folk economy", paper presented to the Symposium on African folk models and their application, Uppsala, August 23-30. Rodney,W. 1966. "African slavery and other forms of social oppression on the Upper Guinea Coast in the context of the Atlantic slave trade", Journal of African History, vii (3) 431-443. Rodney,W. 1968. "Jihad and social revolution in Guinea", Journal of the historical society of Nigeria . iv.2: pp. 269-84. Rodney,W. 1970.A history of the Upper Guinea Coast 1545-1800. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Saint-pere, M. 1929. "La creation du royaume du Fouta Djallon," Bulletin du comite d'etudes historiques et scientifiques de l'Afrique occidentale francaise . XII: pp. 484-95. Sam, Edward. 1974. A study of migration in Bafodea. B.A.Dissertation, Dept. of Sociology, Fourah Bay College. Saul, Mahir. 1984. "The Quranic school farm and child labour in Upper Volta". Africa, 54(2), 71-87.

164

Sayers, E.F. 1927. "Notes on the clan or family names common in the area inhabited by Temne-speaking people". Sierra Leone Studies, pp. 14-103. Schildkrout,E. 1983. "Dependence and Autonomy: The economic activities of secluded Hausa women in Kano", in C.Oppong (ed.),Female and Male in West Africa,pp.107-126. Hemel Hempstead: Allen and Unwin. Schröder,Robert. 1984. "EEC-Sierra Leone Cooperation", The Courier (Africa-Caribbean-Pacific - European Community) 86,July August, 33-37. Schultz, Emily.A. 1984. "From pagan to Pullo: ethnic identity change in northern Cameroon",Africa, 54(1),46-64. Scott, Michael.F. and Brendan Gormley. 1980. "The animal of friendship (Habbanaae): An indigenous model of sahelian pastoral development in Niger", in David Brokensha, D.M.Warren and Oswald Weiner (eds.), Indigenous knowledge systems and development, pp. 93-111. University Press of America. Shack, William.A. and Elliott.P.Skinner (eds.) 1979. Strangers in African Societies, Berkley:Univ. of California Press. Sibanda, M.J.M. 1979. "Dependency and underdevelopment in northwestern Sierra Leone, 1896-1939", African Affairs vol.71 (no.313),481-492. The Sierra Leone Company. 1794. Substance of the report delivered by the court of directors to the general court of proprietors on 27 March 1794 . London: James Phillips. Sierra Leone Company. 1798. Report (29 March) Skinner, Elliott.P. 1963. "Strangers in West African Societies", Africa 53(4), 307-20. Smith, M.F. 1954. Baba of Karo: A woman of the Muslim Hausa. London: Faber Southall, Aiden (ed.). 1979 Small towns in African development. A special edition of Africa 49(3). Stenning, Derrick, J. 1957. "Transhumance, migratory drift, migration; patterns of pastoral Fulani nomadism", Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute, 87(1),57-73. Stenning, Derrick,J. 1959. Savannah nomads: A study of the Wo'daa'be pastoral Fulani of Western Bornu Province, Northern Region, Nigeria. London: Oxford University Press for the I.A.I. Stenning, Derrick,J. 1966. "Household viability among pastoral Fulani", in J.Goody (ed.) The developmental cycle of domestic groups, pp.92-119. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Suret-Canale J. 1970. "The Fouta-Djalon chieftancy", in Michael Crowder and Obaro Ikime (eds.), West African Chiefs. pp.79-97. Lagos:University of Ife Press.

165

Sutter, John. 1982. "Commercial strategies, drought, and monetary pressure: Wo'daa'be Nomads of Tanout Arrondissement, Niger", Nomadic Peoples 11,26-60. Sutter, John. 1987. "Cattle and inequality: Herd size differences and pastoral production among the Fulani of northeastern Senegal",Africa, 57(2),196-218. Tangri, Roger. 1978. "Central local politics in contemporary Sierra Leone", African Affairs vol.77 (no.307),165-173. Traor‚ Ray Autra M. 1980. "Sociétés de tradition agraire et sociétés de tradition pastorale en Guinea", Bull de L'IFAN vol. 42 ser. B no.2: pp.400-33 Trimingham, J.Spencer and C.Fyfe. 1960. "The early expansion of Islam in Sierra Leone", The Sierra Leone Bulletin of Religion2(2),33-40. Turton, David. 1979. "A journey made them: territorial segmentation and ethnic identity among the Mursi", in Ladislav Holy (ed.) Segmentary lineage systems reconsidered; Queen's University Papers in Social Anthropology Vol.4, pp.119-143. Belfast: Queen's University. Viellard,G. 1939. Notes sur la coutumes des peuls au Fouta-Djallon. Paris: Larose. {Public du com. d'et hist at scient. de l'AOF ser.A,11} Viellard G. 1940. "Notes sur les Peuls du Fouta-Djallon", Bull de l'IFAN, II, 1-2: pp.85-210. Vincent, Joan. 1971. African elite; the big men of a small town. New York: Columbia University Press. Waldock,E.A., E.S.Capstick and A.J.Browning. 1951. "Soil conservation and land use in Sierra Leone", Government of Sierra Leone Sessional Paper, 1 of 1951. Warren H.G. 1928. "Notes on the Yalunka country", Sierra Leone Studies, vol.13: pp.25-28. Waters-Bayer, Ann. 1985. "Dairying by settled Fulani women in central Nigeria and some implications for pastoral development", ODI Pastoral Development Network Paper 20c. White, Cynthia. 1984. "Herd reconstitution: The role of credit among WoDaaBe herders in central Niger", ODI Pastoral Development Paper, Paper 18d. White, Cynthia. 1987. "Poor pastoralists are poor herd managers: changing animal ownership and access to life among the WoDaaBe (Fulani) of central Niger", paper presented to the workshop, "Changing rights in property and problems of pastoral development", held at Manchester University, April 22-25, 1987. Zweifel and Moustier. 1881. "Voyage aux sources du Niger", Bulletin de la societe de geographie, Septieme serie,I.

166